Key Moments

Keoki Jackson: Lockheed Martin | Lex Fridman Podcast #33

Lex FridmanLex Fridman
Science & Technology4 min read74 min video
Aug 19, 2019|44,030 views|1,228|118
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TL;DR

Lockheed Martin CTO Keoki Jackson discusses AI, space exploration, autonomy, and the future of defense systems.

Key Insights

1

Lockheed Martin is a leader in advanced engineering, from early jet age aircraft to space missions and sophisticated defense systems.

2

AI and autonomy are increasingly crucial for enhancing mission capabilities, decision-making, and safety across all Lockheed Martin systems.

3

The company is actively involved in deep space exploration, developing the Orion spacecraft for Moon and Mars missions.

4

Human presence remains vital for adaptability and complex problem-solving, complementing AI's data processing strengths.

5

Ensuring trust, verification, and ethical application of AI and autonomous systems, especially in life-critical applications, is a major focus.

6

Strategic deterrence and evolving cyber threats necessitate continuous innovation and investment in advanced defense technologies.

LOCKHEED MARTIN: A LEGACY OF ENGINEERING EXCELLENCE

Keoki Jackson, CTO of Lockheed Martin, highlights the company's rich history of groundbreaking engineering achievements. From the pioneering P-80 jet fighter and the Mach 2 F-104 Starfighter to the iconic SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft, Lockheed Martin has consistently pushed the boundaries of aviation. Jackson also emphasizes the company's significant contributions to space exploration, including key roles in Mars missions and the historic Viking lander, underscoring a deep-seated passion for venturing beyond Earth.

THE FUTURE OF SPACE EXPLORATION AND PERMANENT PRESENCE

A personal dream for Jackson is to see humans on Mars. Lockheed Martin is actively working towards this goal with the development of the Orion spacecraft, designed for deep-space human missions. The long-term vision includes establishing a sustained and sustainable presence beyond low-earth orbit, beginning with the Moon and progressing to Mars, potentially fostering a new space economy and facilitating launches from other celestial bodies.

ROBOTIC VERSUS HUMAN EXPLORATION AND THE ROLE OF AI

While extolling the virtues of robotic exploration, such as Mars rovers and orbiters, Jackson acknowledges the irreplaceable human ability to adapt and innovate on the fly. AI systems, like the 'Alexa in space' concept called Maya, are being developed to assist astronauts by leveraging vast digital libraries of spacecraft data. This human-AI teaming aims to enhance decision-making, monitor complex systems, and identify opportunities for exploration, bridging the gap between immense data processing and human intuition.

AUTONOMY AND TRUST IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS

Lockheed Martin is deeply invested in autonomy, defining it as systems that compose, select, and execute decisions with varying levels of human intervention. The company is exploring full autonomy for certain missions while emphasizing the critical need for trust, verification, and validation, particularly in life-critical applications like military aircraft. Developing robust AI systems that can learn and adapt while remaining explainable and understandable is a significant, ongoing research challenge.

NAVIGATING THE CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS FLIGHT AND SAFETY

The complexities of autonomous systems, highlighted by incidents like the Boeing 737 MAX crashes, underscore the importance of a deeply ingrained safety culture. Jackson stresses that continuous inquiry, skepticism, and rigorous testing are essential. Lockheed Martin's 'culture of success' focuses on understanding root causes, implementing corrective actions, and fostering a commitment to ongoing improvement, with systems like the Auto-GCAS saving aircraft and pilots by preventing ground collisions.

LOCKHEED MARTIN'S DIVERSE CAPABILITIES AND INNOVATIONS

Beyond aircraft and spacecraft, Lockheed Martin builds critical defensive systems like the Aegis combat system and the THAAD missile defense system. Innovations in stealth technology, exemplified by the "ball-bearing radar cross-section" concept, and advancements in supersonic and hypersonic flight demonstrate the company's cutting-edge engineering. While much remains classified, visible projects like the F-35 showcase advanced capabilities in flight and information processing.

ADDRESSING THE AI ARMS RACE AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The growing complexity of global threats, including great power competition and new weapon systems, necessitates technological advancements like AI. Jackson addresses concerns about an AI arms race, emphasizing the Department of Defense's directive 3009, which mandates human agency and control over autonomous weapon systems. Lockheed Martin prioritizes ethical AI development, focusing on privacy, bias reduction, and ensuring humans remain accountable for decisions, aligning with the company's core values of doing what's right and performing with excellence.

STRATEGIC DETERRENCE AND THE EVOLVING THREAT LANDSCAPE

Lockheed Martin plays a vital role in maintaining strategic deterrence through systems like the Trident missile. Jackson acknowledges the persistent threat of human self-destruction but credits strategic deterrence with preventing large-scale global wars. The proliferation of ballistic missile capabilities and the rise of cyber threats present new, complex challenges. The company is involved in modernizing strategic deterrent systems and developing capabilities to counter evolving threats, including cyberattacks on critical infrastructure.

THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AND COMPETITION IN SPACE

Addressing President Eisenhower's concerns about the military-industrial complex, Jackson notes that Lockheed Martin also operates in diverse commercial sectors. He observes that global threats warrant defense investments. The space industry is highly competitive, with companies like SpaceX pushing innovation. Jackson sees this as an exciting time for space, driven by advancements in computing, communication, and manufacturing, fostering both startup innovation and continued development at Lockheed Martin.

THE FUTURE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIERS

Looking ahead, Jackson anticipates a future that is faster, more connected, autonomous, and complex. Lockheed Martin is investing in technologies like AI, autonomy, and quantum computing to stay at the forefront. The company aims to explore the solar system, gain deeper knowledge of Earth, and defend against unforeseen military threats. This continuous reinvention, exemplified by their nearly century-long history, positions Lockheed Martin to tackle the challenges and opportunities of the coming decades.

Common Questions

Lockheed Martin has a storied history of engineering marvels, including the P-80, the F-104 Starfighter, the SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft, and significant contributions to space programs like the Viking Lander on Mars and the Apollo program.

Topics

Mentioned in this video

Products
P-80

An early jet aircraft that marked the start of the jet age, originating from Lockheed's engineering efforts mentioned in the context of Skunk Works.

Orion spacecraft

A sophisticated human-rated spacecraft being built by Lockheed Martin, designed for deep-space journeys, including to the Moon and Mars.

F-35

An advanced fighter aircraft described as a supersonic, super-cruise, stealth fighter that acts as a flying information system with unprecedented data and sensor fusion capabilities.

Viking Lander

The lander that achieved the first successful landing on Mars in 1976, considered a huge accomplishment in space exploration.

Patriot systems

Air and missile defense systems that saw public use during the first Gulf War.

SR-71

An iconic Lockheed aircraft recognized for its speed, altitude, and design, serving as an intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) aircraft capable of outrunning air defense systems.

F-16

An aircraft used in demonstrations of autonomous wingman capabilities and equipped with Auto-GCAS, a system that has saved pilots and aircraft.

Aegis Ashore

A land-based version of the Aegis Combat System used for integrated air and missile defense.

PAC-3

Patriot Advanced Capability-3, a hit-to-kill missile defense interceptor.

F-104 Starfighter

A Lockheed aircraft that was the first Mach 2 jet fighter, nicknamed 'the missile with a man in it'.

Space Shuttle

Mentioned as the start of a new era in space travel, with Lockheed Martin playing a part in these journeys.

Boeing 737 Max

Commercial airplane that experienced two crashes due to flight control software failures, used as a case study to discuss safety cultures in software development and aerospace.

Aegis Combat System

An integrated air and missile defense system used by the U.S. and allied navies to protect fleets from various threats, also deployed in a land-based version called Aegis Ashore.

THAAD

Theater High Altitude Area Defense system, designed to protect broad areas against sophisticated ballistic missile threats.

X-15

A rocket-powered aircraft developed in the late 1950s and 1960s, mentioned as an example of hypersonic development heritage.

QUAKES

The first CubeSat launched out of the U.S., built by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with Stanford.

Trident submarine-launched ballistic missiles

Part of the U.S. nuclear and strategic deterrent systems, in which Lockheed Martin plays a role in multiple legs.

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