Jensen's inequality
theorem of convex functions
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Videos Mentioning Jensen's inequality

Foundations of Unsupervised Deep Learning (Ruslan Salakhutdinov, CMU)
Lex Fridman
A mathematical principle that allows optimization of the variational lower bound, enabling learning in variational methods where direct likelihood optimization is intractable.

Stanford CME296 Diffusion & Large Vision Models | Spring 2026 | Lecture 1 - Diffusion
Stanford Online
A mathematical inequality used to derive the Evidence Lower Bound (ELBO) for intractable probability calculations in diffusion models.

Stanford CME296 Diffusion & Large Vision Models | Spring 2026 | Lecture 4 - Latent Space & Guidance
Stanford Online
A mathematical inequality used to derive the lower bound of the VAE loss function, allowing for computation despite intractable integrals.

Stanford CS229 Machine Learning | Spring 2026 | Lecture 10: GMM (EM), PCA
Stanford Online
Jensen's inequality relates the value of a concave (or convex) function of a random variable to the random variable's expected value. For a concave function, the expected value of the function is less than or equal to the function of the expected value.

Stanford CS229 Machine Learning | Spring 2026 | Lecture 9: K-Means and GMM (non-EM)
Stanford Online
A mathematical inequality relating the value of a convex function of a random variable to the convex function of the expected value of the random variable. Used to derive the EM algorithm.