Why did Andrew Roberts consider joining MI6?

While at Cambridge, Roberts was approached by a don who suggested he might be suitable for MI6. The initial thought was exciting, evoking images of James Bond, but the subsequent application process, including questions about social hierarchy, proved humorous and revealing.

How did Andrew Roberts' history teacher inspire him?

His prep school history teacher, Christopher Perry, taught history as an exciting, true story, using dramatic imitations of historical figures. This narrative approach, filled with dates, made history engaging and memorable for students, contrasted with rote memorization.

Why does Andrew Roberts advise against using words like 'perhaps' or 'maybe' in writing?

Roberts considers these 'cheat words' that signal a lack of thorough research or conviction. He believes authors should present their findings with confidence to build trust with the reader, who has paid for the information and expects expertise.

What qualities did Napoleon and Churchill possess for leadership in crisis?

Both Napoleon and Churchill had gone through military education and contemplation of war, giving them an intellectual background. They possessed a 'Holy Fire' – a deep spiritual belief in the righteousness of their cause – which provided self-confidence and the ability to make critical decisions, even amidst heavy losses.

How did Gibbon and Macaulay influence Churchill's worldview?

Reading these 19th-century historians greatly impacted Churchill, making him a 'Whig' (in the sense of liberal conservatism) who believed strongly in 'noblesse oblige' – the duty of privilege to work for the greater good of the community.

What made Napoleon such an exceptional military leader?

Napoleon was a 'decathlete of war,' excelling in all facets. This was due to inspiration combined with intense 'perspiration' (hard work and study), his education in warfare, adoption of effective strategies like the Corps System, and his ability to inspire his men through emotional appeal.

What key life lessons can be found in Churchill's 'My Early Life'?

The book highlights resilience, emphasizing that mistakes made between ages 20-25 are more forgivable. It also vividly describes dramatic events like escaping prison and participating in the last great cavalry charge, offering inspirational accounts relevant even today.

Why is Aldous Huxley's quote about learning from history significant?

Huxley famously wrote, 'Men do not learn much from the lessons of history.' Roberts finds this perceptive because despite humanity's historical record, similar mistakes often seem to be repeated, making it a crucial, albeit often unheeded, lesson.

What does 'walking with Destiny' mean in the context of Churchill's life?

It refers to Churchill's profound sense of personal destiny, particularly felt on May 10, 1940, when he became Prime Minister. He believed his entire life had been a preparation for that moment of crisis, a feeling not necessarily insane given his many close calls with death.

How did Napoleon's 'Corps System' revolutionize warfare?

The Corps System involved creating semi-independent mini-armies ('corps') that could operate separately but converge for decisive battles. This allowed Napoleon to outmaneuver and envelop enemy forces, a strategy that proved highly effective until his opponents adopted similar methods.

What are the challenges facing the teaching and capturing of history today?

Roberts worries about declining university interest in history, the tendency to skip crucial periods ('Henry to Hitler'), and widespread historical ignorance among students, citing examples of teenagers confusing historical figures with fictional ones.

Lessons from Churchill and Napoleon — Andrew Roberts

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TL;DR

Andrew Roberts discusses history, leadership lessons from Churchill and Napoleon, and the future of Britain.

Key Insights

Pride in national history is declining, impacting future outlook.

Effective leaders possess steady nerves, self-confidence, and a sense of purpose, often developed through nurture.

Historical figures like Churchill and Napoleon drew inspiration from past leaders and literature.

Napoleon's military genius stemmed from strategic innovation, meticulous planning, and the ability to inspire troops.

Churchill and Napoleon exhibited a profound sense of personal destiny, influencing their decisive actions.

Learning from mistakes is crucial for greatness; democracy can help check political hubris.

Objectivity is vital when writing about imperial history, acknowledging both exploitation and efforts towards positive impact.

Deep engagement with history provides crucial lessons for statecraft and understanding current events.

DECLINING HISTORICAL PRIDE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

Andrew Roberts expresses pessimism regarding Britain's declining pride in its history, citing a significant drop from 2015. He attributes this to a focus on the negative aspects of the British Empire while overlooking contributions like the abolition of slavery. This erosion of pride in the past, he argues, makes it difficult for people to envision a proud future for the country. Similarly, he views actions like the removal of historical statues in America as a form of cultural suicide, failing to acknowledge the complex legacies of national founders.

THE MAKING OF LEADERS: NATURE VS. NURTURE

Roberts emphasizes that qualities like steady nerves and self-control in crisis, evident in leaders like Napoleon and Churchill, are predominantly nurtured rather than innate. Both figures received military education, were exposed to the responsibilities of command, and studied historical military leaders. They possessed a self-confidence, described as a 'holy fire,' that enabled them to make critical decisions, even when facing significant casualties, due to a profound belief in the righteousness of their cause.

INSPIRATION FROM THE PAST: LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL INFLUENCES

Both Churchill and Napoleon were deeply influenced by their reading. Churchill, an autodidact, absorbed the works of historians like Gibbon and Macaulay, shaping his writing, oratory, and philosophical outlook, aligning him with 'liberal conservative' ideals emphasizing duty to the greater good. Napoleon, also a prolific writer and reader, was influenced by strategic texts, incorporating them into his military actions. This immersion in literature, while formative, also led them to be somewhat detached from their contemporaries in their youth.

NAPOLEON'S MILITARY PROWESS AND SOCIETAL REVOLUTION

Napoleon is presented as the epitome of war leadership, capable of excelling in all facets of military command, whether advancing, retreating, defending, or attacking. His strategic genius, exemplified by the 'corps system' of creating independent yet coordinated mini-armies, allowed him to outmaneuver and envelop enemies. Beyond warfare, Napoleon's lasting impact includes the Napoleonic Code, which modernized French society, dragging it into the 19th century, demonstrating a capacity that extended far beyond military conquest.

CHURCHILL'S RESILIENCE AND THE POWER OF DESTINY

Roberts highlights Churchill's 'My Early Life' as a source of life lessons, particularly resilience, despite a difficult upbringing. Churchill believed in the forgiveness extended to young people for mistakes, emphasizing the period between 20 and 25. His memoirs detail extraordinary experiences like escaping prison and leading cavalry charges, offering compelling narratives that resonate with readers. Churchill's profound sense of personal destiny, particularly on becoming Prime Minister during the invasion of the West, fueled his resolve to lead Britain through its darkest hour.

THE ROLE OF DESTINY AND SELF-REFLECTION IN LEADERSHIP

Both Napoleon and Churchill felt guided by a sense of personal destiny, a belief echoed by historical figures like Caesar and Alexander. This conviction, while potentially seen as irrational by modern standards, allowed them to undertake immense risks. Roberts notes that even figures like Hitler also believed in Providence. He stresses that such a belief is not inherently positive, as it can be exploited by cult leaders. He also touches on the importance of learning from mistakes, a trait Churchill possessed, contrasting it with unchecked hubris.

THE DIARY AS A TOOL FOR LEGACY AND SELF-AWARENESS

Roberts maintains a diary, seeing it as a way to combat the feeling of life being a waste and a means to potentially leave a record of his experiences. This practice, while a source of anxiety for his friend Neil Ferguson, is viewed by Roberts as a calming and clarifying exercise. He emphasizes that his diary is not intended for publication and focuses on significant moments rather than daily minutiae, drawing a parallel to historical accounts like Louis XVI's single-word entry on the day the Bastille fell.

THE ART OF WRITING: FLOW, REVISION, AND COLLABORATION

Roberts advocates for maintaining writing 'flow,' believing interruptions can disrupt creativity, especially when tackling complex narratives. He likens the process to juggling, where losing momentum requires a lengthy 'boot-up sequence.' He also cautions against overestimating one's own brilliance, citing Dr. Johnson's advice to critically review one's best writing. For revision and as a sanity check, he relies on his publisher, Stuart Prophet, whose incisive critiques, though sometimes irritating, are invaluable for refining prose and ensuring historical accuracy.

NAVIGATING HISTORICAL MYTHS AND THE CHALLENGE OF OBJECTIVITY

Roberts discusses how historical figures acquire mythic proportions, often due to charisma, charm, and exceptional circumstances, like leadership during wartime. He advocates for objective historical writing, particularly concerning imperial history, cautioning against purely Marxist interpretations that attribute all actions to greed. He argues that while exploitation occurred, many in the British Empire were driven by a sense of duty to improve the lives of others, suggesting that much of the empire was a force for good.

THE FUTURE OF HISTORY EDUCATION AND ITS RELEVANCE

Roberts expresses concern over the declining study of history at university level and significant gaps in historical knowledge among British teenagers, citing examples of conflating historical figures and mistaking real people for fictional characters. He stresses the enduring relevance of history, quoting Churchill's advice to study history for the 'secrets of statecraft.' Understanding past events, he believes, is essential for comprehending current global dynamics and for effective leadership.

LEGACY, IMMORTALITY, AND THE ENDURING POWER OF WORDS

Reflecting on the Ozymandias poem, Roberts finds the pursuit of legacy inherently human, a grasp for immortality. While acknowledging the futility of anticipating recognition after death, he finds it a driving force for writing. He asserts that words possess a unique ability to endure, unlike physical monuments, and that literature offers a form of immortality. This belief fuels his dedication to crafting historical narratives that he hopes will resonate with readers long after he is gone).

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STATECRAFT AND INTERPRETING THE FUTURE

Statecraft,Roberts explains, is the intricate ability to manage a country by balancing diplomatic, military, economic, cultural, and religious elements. He reiterates his pessimism for Britain's future, linking it to a decline in national historical pride, though remains more optimistic about the U.S. due to its innovation and resilience. He contrasts his own outlook with more optimistic perspectives, such as his wife's, which acknowledge capitalist reinvention and progress in areas like medicine and poverty reduction.

Mentioned in This Episode

●Software & Apps

●Organizations

●Books

●Concepts

●People Referenced

Writing & Historical Analysis Tips from Andrew Roberts

Practical takeaways from this episode

Do This

Use direct, confident language in historical writing; avoid hedging words like 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'possibly', 'especially', 'probably'.

When writing history, hint at anecdotal or unverified stories with phrases like 'it is said that' or 'the story is told that' to signal their potential unreliability.

Maintain writing flow by avoiding unnecessary breaks, especially during complex chapters.

Seek out a rigorous proofreader or editor who can provide objective feedback.

Study history to understand statecraft and the secrets of running a country.

Write about imperial history with genuine objectivity, avoiding the assumption of pure malice.

Keep a diary to reflect on your day and justify your life's work, but manage expectations about its publication.

Read significant works by influential historians and writers to inform your perspective.

Embrace risk-taking when young, as mistakes are more forgivable.

Prioritize learning from mistakes, as many politicians fail to do.

Be objective and consider multiple perspectives when analyzing historical figures and events.

Avoid This

Don't use 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'possibly', 'especially', 'probably' as 'cheat words' that suggest insufficient research.

Don't let the flow of creativity be interrupted by frequent breaks if detailed thoughts need to be maintained.

Don't assume that what you've written as brilliant is actually good; seek external validation.

Don't think that cult leaders' claims of destiny are a positive model; this sense can be dangerous.

Don't assume all historical actions were solely for exploitation; consider other motivations like duty or genuine desire to improve conditions.

Don't teach history by merely listing dates; inspire with narrative and context.

Don't just jump from one historical period to another in teaching (e.g., Tudors directly to WWII).

Common Questions

Andrew Roberts expresses pessimism about Britain's future, largely driven by a decline in national pride and a skewed political use of history. He notes a significant drop in people proud of British history, which he attributes to an overemphasis on the negative aspects of the British Empire while neglecting its contributions, such as the abolition of slavery.

Topics

Churchill Historical Figures Statecraft Historical Perspective

Mentioned in this video

personAndrew Roberts

The guest historian and author being interviewed.

personPercy Bysshe Shelley

Author of the poem 'Ozymandias', mentioned for his surviving words in contrast to the statue's ruin.

personRobert Goddard

A complicated detective novelist whose books Roberts reads on holiday to clear his brain.

bookNapoleon and His Marshals

Roberts' upcoming book focusing on the interactions between Napoleon and his marshals.

legislationProclamation of the Pyramids

Napoleon's 1799 address to his troops before the Battle of the Pyramids, stating '40 centuries look down upon you'.

personJim Jones

Mentioned as an example of a cult leader who used a sense of destiny, along with David Koresh.

personDr. Johnson

Quoted for his advice: 'when you have written your most brilliant purple paragraph, read it again and rip it up'.

bookComp de

Author of a 1772 book on strategy and tactics that Napoleon later put into operation.

personWilliam Boyd

Novelist whose work Roberts reads when attending literary festivals where Boyd might be present.

bookConflict: The Evolution of Warfare

A book co-authored by Andrew Roberts and General David Trus, detailing the evolution of warfare from 1945 to contemporary conflicts.

conceptKorean War

Referenced as a war whose analysis benefited from General Trus placing himself in the position of commanders like Matthew Ridgway.

personEarl of Strafford

One of many historical figures who went on trial in Westminster Hall and were subsequently decapitated.

bookThe Gathering Storm

The first volume of Churchill's war memoirs, in which he described feeling 'as if I were walking with Destiny'.

personGeorge III

Roberts wrote a biography of him.

conceptGulf War

Referenced as a war whose analysis benefited from General Trus's insights.

conceptNapoleon's symbol of bees

Explained as a brilliant cover concept for Roberts' Napoleon book, symbolizing Napoleon's symbol because they could sting but also give honey.

locationRiver Po

Mentioned in the context of Stuart Proffitt's questions about Napoleon's campaign, questioning its width in 1796.

mediaOzymandias

The subject of a poem about a fallen statue in the desert, used as an allegory for the ephemeral nature of power and legacy.

bookThe Map and the Territory

A satirical novel by Michel Houellebecq about French intellectual customs, recommended as a starting point.

personDuke of Wellington

British general who won the Battle of Waterloo against Napoleon. Described as despising his ordinary soldiers and being a stuffy aristocrat, yet loved by them for caring about their lives in battle.

bookShopow

A work Churchill was reading in India, mentioned alongside Gibbon and Macaulay.

locationNew York City Hall

Mentioned as the location from which Thomas Jefferson's statue was removed.

conceptDardanelles Crisis

A disaster in 1915-1916 where over 100,000 Allied troops were killed, wounded, or captured, cited as a mistake Churchill learned from.

personMichel Houellebecq

A genius, controversial, and unpopular French writer known for his political incorrectness; Roberts considers him must-read.

personThomas More

One of many historical figures who went on trial in Westminster Hall and were subsequently decapitated.

softwareAndrew Roberts' website

The website discussed as the primary place to find information about Andrew Roberts and his work.

personMary, Queen of Scots

Mentioned as a historical figure whose voice Roberts' teacher would imitate.

personDavid Trus

Co-author of 'Conflict: The Evolution of Warfare', a general who commanded armies in Iraq and Afghanistan.

personMatthew Ridgway

Mentioned as a commander whose position Roberts' collaborator, General Trus, could place himself in when analyzing the Korean War.

conceptCorps System

Napoleon's military strategy of creating mini-armies that could march separately but converge for battle, enabling outmaneuvering and envelopment.

personTim Ferris

The host, thanking Roberts for his time on the show and reminding listeners about show notes.

personStuart Proffitt

Roberts' 'brilliant but irritating' publisher, described as a genius proofreader and editor whose feedback demands rigorous justification.

locationLambeth Palace Library

Location of an exhibition about early female writers, featuring 'Her Book'.

personRonald Hutton

Author whose recent biography of Oliver Cromwell has changed Roberts' perspective on Cromwell's political actions.

personNeil Ferguson

Friend of Roberts, mentioned again regarding his potential embarrassment from diary entries and his pessimistic outlook. His upbeat personal nature is contrasted with his views.

personEdward I

Mentioned for his castles in Wales, which Roberts' father used to visit with him.

eventBattle of Waterloo

personJames Bond

personSherlock Holmes

toolColossus

eventVietnam War